Optical modulators with twodimensional layered materials. Here we demonstrate the operation of a highspeed, cmos compatible silicon microdisk. Mar 31, 2016 the recent realization that 2d layered materials could modulate light with superior performance has prompted intense research and significant advances, paving the way for realistic applications. Most notably the bandwidth has increased from the mhz to the multi ghz regime in little more than half a decade. Hybrid silicon conductive oxideplasmonic electroabsorption modulator with 2v swing voltage qian gao, erwen li, bokun zhou, and alan x. Fabricated phase modulators are the same as the straight. Latticeshifted pcws are utilized to engineer the photonic band diagram and thus enable an. One of the challenges is to realize silicon optical modulator, which is a key device for data transmission. Individual channels reach a data rate of 25 gbps with signal qualityfactors above 7. We characterize the optical responses upon various dc and rf voltage supplies. Increasing the data rate of the modulator benefits. Bowers department of electrical and computer engineering, university of california santa barbara, santa barbara, ca 93106. The design, fabrication, and measurements for two different devices are discussed in detail. Subscribe to blog 100g optical components, coherent, pic, dwdm.
Different modulation formats used in optical communication system. We also measured the spurfree dynamic range sfdr of the modulator using twotone method, showing maximum sfdr of 40 dbc and 46 dbc respectively for second harmonic distortion and thirdorder. Optical modulators can be implemented using semiconductor nanostructures to increase the performance like high operation, high stability, high speed response, and highly compact system. Semiconductor optical amplifiers soas, as the name suggests, are used to amplify optical signals. Integrated optical driver for interferometric optical. Osa highmodulation efficiency silicon machzehnder optical. Optical modulators using semiconductor nanostructures. Integrated silicon modulator based on microring array.
Integrated optical driver for interferometric optical gyroscopes minh a. Optical modulators with twodimensional layered materials zhipei sun1, amos martinez2, feng wang3 1 department of micro and nanosciences, aalto university, finland 2 aston institute of photonic technologies, aston university, uk 3 department of physics, university of california, berkeley, california 94720, usa. This paper describes the recent advances made in silicon optical modulators employing the free carrier dispersion effect, specifically those governed by majority carrier dynamics. Optical modulators with 2d layered materials nature photonics. Within the uksp project a mach zehnder modulator mzm carrier depletion silicon optical modulator has been integrated with cmos driving electronics using a wire bonding approach.
An optical modulator is a device that is used to modulate a light beam that propagates either in free space or in an optical waveguide. The leading candidate technology is silicon photonics, and the workhorse of such an interconnect is the optical modulator. Most silicon eo modulators rely on the plasma dispersion effect, in which the refractive index of silicon is changed by varying free carrier concentrations 1. Jul 30, 2010 optical technology is poised to revolutionize shortreach interconnects. Osa highspeed, lowloss silicon machzehnder modulators.
Apr 16, 2019 silicon optical modulators volume 8, issue 1, page 4050 graham t. The objective is to provide an uptodate understanding of semiconductor modulators. In this paper, we propose a way to utilize the silicon slot waveguide structure to create a high speed, low power consumption and low insertion loss graphene optical modulator. Rp photonics encyclopedia optical modulators, acousto. Siliconorganic hybrid electrooptic modulator based on. Optical technology is poised to revolutionize shortreach interconnects.
Modulators have been improved dramatically in recent years. Operation and optimization of silicondiodebased optical. Grating couplers are used to couple laser on and off chip. Significant progress has been made in the field of silicon photonics over the past two decades. Reflective modulators based on the combination of an electroabsorption modulator eam and semiconductor optical amplifier soa are attractive devices for applications in long reach carrier distributed passive optical networks pons due to the gain provided by the soa and the high speed and low chirp modulation of the eam.
Cmoscompatible dualoutput silicon modulator for analog. Developments in gigascale silicon optical modulators using. Analytical modelling of carrier depletion siliconon. Nov 10, 2016 furthermore, other significant research is underway in the area of silicon optical modulators including the use of more complex modulation formats, modulation at nonconventional wavelengths, the integration of the modulator into more complex photonic systems and the integration of high performance drive electronics. Silicon photonics technologies for cost and poweref. Highspeed silicon electrooptic modulator based on a. Modulation using a linear differential drive silicon machzehnder modulator colm browning, alexander gazman, nathan abrams, keren bergman, and liam p. Depletionmode polysilicon optical modulators in a bulk complementary metaloxide semiconductor process jeffrey m. Introduction to ixblue rf drivers and amplifiers for. Ming wu physical mechanisms for optical modulators electrooptic modulators nonlinear crystals linbo 3, gaas, inp franzkeldysh effect. Compact silicon photonic waveguide modulator based on the. There are several methods to manipulate this device depending on the parameter of a light.
Optical modulators formed in silicon are the keystone to many low cost optical applications. With this effect, general carrierdepletion silicon modulators exhibit the capability of optical power monitoring. Matching of electrical and optical wave velocities impedance adaptation is required to avoid electrical signal reflection 50 ohms is the impedance of the most rf equipments. With existing and emerging technologies increasingly demanding compact, efficient, fast and broadband optical. Introduction to optical amplifiers 417 a raman amplifier is distributed over a long span of optical fiber. To realize optical interconnect, silicon optical modulators such as pin diodes based on free carrier absorption1. Silicon photonics provides substantial performance advantages in many data processing and transfer applications. Using carrierdepletion silicon modulators for optical power.
Lowpower optical interconnects based on resonant silicon. Chen1,2,4,a 1department of electrical and computer engineering, the university of texas at austin, austin, texas 78712, usa 2materials science and engineering program, texas materials institute, the. Watson laboratories of applied physics, california institute of technology, pasadena, ca 91125, usa 2kavli nanoscience institute, california institute of technology, pasadena, ca 91125, usa. The majority of the most successful optical modulators in silicon demonstrated in recent years operate via the plasma dispersion effect and are more specifically based upon free carrier depletion. Typically, the optical pump is introduced at the end of a length of fiber in order to provide optical gain that increases towards the end of the fiber. We have developed a novel phase modulator, based on fintype electrodes placed at selfimaging positions of a silicon multimode interference. Comparison of microrings and microdisks for highspeed. Wang oregon state university, school of electrical engineering and computer science. In this paper, a highspeed, powerefficient, lowdispersion, and compact optical modulator based on an eo polymer filled silicon slot pcw is presented. We note that novel electrical structures and driving schemes have been reported to increase the modulator speed 6, and the fundamental limitation to the modulation speed comes mainly from the optical domain.
High speed wdm interconnect using silicon photonics ring. Silicon optical modulators surrey research insight open. Silicon modulators, switches and subsystems for optical. Cmoscompatible optical modulators are key components for future siliconbased photonic transceivers. Silicon photonics is emerging as a promising platform for manufacturing and integrating photonic devices for light generation, modulation, switching and detection. Wu university of california, berkeley electrical engineering and computer sciences dept. The basic idea behind electrooptic devices is to alter the optical properties of a. Two diagnostic methods, frequency resolved optical gating and optical modulation analysis, are employed respectively. A fiber array is attached to the silicon chip 8 making the optical coupling more stable during the test. Efficient carrierdepletion silicon machzehnder optical. An important figure of merit for mzi modulators is the halfwave voltage v.
These devices can alter different beam parameters and so can be categorized as amplitude, phase, or polarisation modulators. Defectmediated subbandgap absorption is observed in ionimplanted silicononoxide waveguides that experience a rapid thermal annealing at 1075c. Optical modulators with 2d layered materials nature. Jul 22, 2017 we discuss recent progress on the design of silicon photonic modulators for high speed digital and analog optical links and their implementation using advanced modulation formats including pam and dmt. Using carrierdepletion silicon modulators for optical power monitoring hui yu, dietmar korn, marianna pantouvaki, joris van campenhout, katarzyna komorowska, peter verheyen, guy lepage, philippe absil, david hillerkuss, luca alloatti, juerg leuthold, roel baets, and wim bogaerts. Design of a highspeed graphene optical modulator on a. High performance optical modulator based on electrooptic. The authors report a theoretical npp device, with doping concentrations of 10 20 cm.
Silicon photonics is a promising technology to address the demand for dense and integrated nextgeneration optical interconnections due to its. The adoption of silicon photonics as a technology for lowpower highbandwidth optical io is contingent upon the cointegration of highly efficient silicon optical devices, including both voltageefficient silicon modulators and highly responsive ge photodetectors. Bowers department of electrical and computer engineering, university of california, santa barbara, ca. An optical interconnect transceiver at 1550 nm using low. Currently, the main focus is on various forms of optical interconnects as this is a near term bottleneck for the computing industry, and hence a number. An optical interconnect transceiver at 1550 nm using lowvoltage electroabsorption modulators directly integrated to cmos jonathan e. Osa using carrierdepletion silicon modulators for optical. Modeling and optimization of a singledrive push pull.
The bandwidths and modulation efficiencies in these. Roth, member,ieee, samuel palermo, member,ieee,noahc. The chirp of a fast silicon optical modulator is characterized in this paper. Silicon optical modulator using a lowloss phase shifter based on. A typical structure of a ingaaspinp soa is shown in the figure below. M in gaasalgaas layers directly grown on silicon 4207 overlap of the optical mode with the uid al 0. Nanophotonic pockels modulators on a silicon nitride platform nature. Until now, the benefits of active silicon photonics in cryogenic systems have remained unexplored. Silicon photonics has the potential to revolutionise a whole raft of application areas. Recent breakthroughs in carrier depletion based silicon. Modulators have been improved dramatically in recent years, with a notable increase in bandwidth from the megahertz to the multigigahertz regime in just over half a decade.
Intel silicon photonics 100g cwdm4 optical transceiver brief. In addition, unlike the thermooptic ffcts 5, the optical absorption of silicon is also ffcted through the plasma dispersion ffct. Osa operation of highspeed silicon photonic microdisk. Quantitative results on the geometry of the waveguide and doping concentrations of the pand ndoped regions are presented at the end of the optimization. An equivalent circuit model of the traveling wave electrode for carrierdepletionbased silicon optical modulators by hui yu and wim bogaerts download pdf 359 kb. Analytical modelling of carrier depletion silicon oninsulator optical modulation diodes hasitha jayatilleka masters of applied science graduate department of electrical and computer engineering university of toronto 20 we derive an analytical model for the depletion capacitance of silicon oninsulator soi optical modulation diodes. Optical modulators are an essential component in most applications, and there has been considerable recent effort directed at developing silicon based optical modulators 24. Acoustooptic modulators are based on the acoustooptic effect. The compatibility with existing cmos microelectronic foundries and high index contrast in silicon could enable low cost and high performance photonic systems, which find many applications in optical communication, data center. In advanced optical communication system, to achieve more than one bit per symbol transmits two level binary signals instead of one bit per symbol. Silicon photonic modulators for high speed optical links.
Currently, the main focus is on various forms of optical. Integrated silicon electrooptic eo modulators are important building blocks in highperformance optical interconnects. Optical modulation in photonic circuits is implemented by devices that cause direct changes in optical intensity via absorption, or cause changes in the refractive index of the material and hence the phase of a propagating wave, which can be converted to an intensity change via an interferometer e. The potential disruption of silicon photonics lies in highspeed transmission of 40g and 100g in two msa multisource agreement formfactor families. The active region of the modulator is assumed to be a two graphene layer capacitor structure and the proposal is supported by numerical simulations of. The intel silicon photonics 100g cwdm4 coarse wavelength division multiplexing 4lane qsfp28 optical transceiver is a small formfactor, high speed, and low power consumption product, targeted for use in optical interconnects for data communications applications. Miller, fellow,ieee, and mark horowitz, fellow,ieee abstracta lowvoltage, 90nm cmos optical interconnect. Characterization of silicon electrooptical modulator for. Machzehnder interferometer mzi modulator and resonatorbased modulators s are two types of silicon modulator structures that are widely used for various modulation formats.
An optical modulator is an optical device which is used to modulate a beam of light with a perturbation device. Integrated silicon optical modulators eprints soton. We demonstrate that the output of silicon optical modulators have very small intrinsic chirp across the modulated pulses. Light modulation is an essential operation in photonics and optoelectronics. Integrated lithium niobate electrooptic modulators. Effective electrooptical modulation with high extinction. In this video we demonstrate the operation principle, the fabrication steps and the experimental characterization of a silicon machzehnder electrooptic modulator. Frontiers silicon optical modulator simulation physics.
Analysis and optimisation of semiconductor reflective. Pdf silicon photonics has the potential to revolutionise a whole raft of application areas. A new optimization method is described and performed on highspeed silicon optical modulators based on carrier depletion in a pin junction. Teststation for flexible semiautomatic waferlevel silicon photonics testing j. Pdf developments in gigascale silicon optical modulators. The mzi modulators have a broadband response but the device size is relatively large. Ultracompact siliconconductive oxide nanocavity modulator. Modeling and optimization of a singledrive pushpull silicon machzehnder modulator yanyang zhou,1 linjie zhou,1, haike zhu,1 chiyan wong,2 yida wen,2 lei liu,2 xinwan li,1 and jianping chen1 1state key laboratory of advanced optical communication systems and networks, department of electronic engineering, shanghai jiao tong university, shanghai 200240, china. Integration of high performance silicon optical modulators.
Optical technology is poised to revolutionise short reach interconnects. The high bandwidth module supports 100gbe optical links over singlemode fiber. Silicon optical modulators university of california, berkeley. Potentiality of metaloxidesemiconductor silicon optical. Barry abstracthighly linear integrated optical modulators are required in order to provide a distribution platform for analog radiooverfiber rof signals. Introduction in this paper we investigate the feasibility of an.
This modulator achieves near stateoftheart performance in both modes, thereby making this device ideal for comparing the two modes of operation. Using carrierdepletion silicon modulators for optical. For active devices such as photodiodes and modulators, electrical and electro optical parameters can be measured as. Using carrierdepletion silicon modulators for optical power monitoring hui yu,1, dietmar korn,2 marianna pantouvaki,3 joris van campenhout,3 katarzyna komorowska,2 peter verheyen,3 guy lepage,3 philippe absil,3 david hillerkuss,2 luca alloatti,2. They are used for switching or continuously adjusting the amplitude of a laser beam, for shifting its optical frequency, or its spatial direction. Particular attention has been paid to multiple quantum well mqw modulators operating at long wavelengths, taking into account the low losses and dispersion in silica fibers occuring at around 1. Integrated silicon modulator based on microring array assisted mzi xiangdong li, xue feng, kaiyu cui, fang liu, and yidong huang department of electronic engineering, tsinghua natio nal laboratory for information science and technology. Osa characterization of the chirp of silicon optical modulators. In this way, a raman amplifier can be combinedfa booster or inlineed with a n. Theory of electrooptic modulation via a quantum dot. Lowpower thermooptic silicon modulator for largescale. An optical microscope image of this is shown in the left hand image of figure 3. Jason png ever since the earliest research on optical circuits, dating back to the 1970s, there have been visions of an optical superchip see for example1,2, containing a variety of integrated optical components to carry out light generation, modulation.
An optimization method for depletionbased silicon optical. We report a thermooptic silicon modulator realized in a 0. Compact silicon photonic waveguide modulator based on the vanadium dioxide metalinsulator phase transition ryan m. Depletionmode polysilicon optical modulators in a bulk. High speed silicon modulators huiwen chen, yinghao kuo, john e.
Theory of electrooptic modulation via a quantum dot coupled to a nanoresonator arka majumdar, nicolas manquest, andrei faraon and jelena vu. Comparison of microrings and microdisks for highspeed optical modulation in silicon photonics zhoufeng ying,1 zheng wang,1,2 zheng zhao,1 shounak dhar,1 david z. Currently, the main focus is on various forms of optical interconnects as this is a near term bottleneck for the computing industry, and hence a number of companies have also released products onto the market place. Design and wafer bonding tali ilovitsh submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the masters degree in the faculty of engineering, barilan university august 2012 ramatgan, israel. It is a kind of transmitter to convert information to optical binary signal through optical fiber optical waveguide or transmission medium of optical frequency in fiber optic communication. We present a high phaseshift efficienct machzehnder silicon optical modulator.
Highmodulation efficiency silicon machzehnder optical modulator based on carrier depletion in a pn diode. Developments in gigascale silicon optical modulators using free carrier dispersion mechanisms. In fiber optical communications systems which transmit over distances larger than a few tens of kilometers, one of the major costs of the entire system is the cost of the optical fiber itself as well as the cost of. We demonstrate a highspeed silicon machzehnder modulator mzm with low insertion loss, based on the carrier depletion effect in a lateral pn junction. An optical modulator in silicon based on a diode structure has been operated in both forward and reverse bias. Siliconphotonics devices for lowpower, highbandwidth. Abstract silicon photonics has the potential to revolutionise a whole raft of application areas. There are very different kinds of optical modulators. Plasma dispersion effect is the most common method used in silicon optical modulator. Keywords silicon photonics, optical interconnects, waferlevel testing i. The leading candidate technology is silicon photonics, and the workhorse of such interconnect is the optical modulator. The overall on chip insertion loss is 12db, including 0. Asger mortensen,1,2 kresten yvind 1 1department of photonics engineering, technical university of denmark, dk2800 kongens lyngby, denmark.
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